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Welding

Welding of common steels

Unalloyed steels

Unalloyed steels are prone to cold cracking. In many cases preheating is required to ensure good weldability.

Preheating:

C < 0.2 %:   without preheating (up to 30 mm thickness)
or 100°C against humidity
C: 0.2 to 0.5 %:   preheating temperature 100 to 300°C
C > 0.5 %:   preheating temperature 300 to 350°C

Possible post-weld treatments:

  • Stress relieving
  • Normalising

Low alloy steels

Low alloy steels are prone to cold cracking. In many cases preheating is required to ensure good weldability.
Preheating:

Séférian diagram
Séférian diagram

Possible post-weld treatments:

  • Stress relieving
  • Quenching and tempering

Fine-grained steels

Fine-grained steels are prone to cold cracking due to hydrogen absorption. They should be preheated slightly and welded with a relatively low specific energy, to reduce the heat-affected zone.
Preheating: in function of steel, generally 100°C (max. 200°C)
Welding: with moderate energy input per unit of length
Post-weld treatment: usually not necessary

Manganese steels

Austenitic manganese steels with a manganese content of 14% (Hadfield steels) have a tendency to form brittle precipitates in the form of carbides.
It is essential to weld them without preheating, even with additional cooling, and to keep the specific heat input low.
Preheating: none (cooling may be used if needed)
Possible post-weld treatments: none

Austenitic stainless steels

Austenitic stainless steels are prone to hot cracking and so should be cleaned and welded with a low specific energy
Weldability: Watch for formation of chromium carbide at grain interface, if carbon content is higher then 0.04%
Preheating: Usually none
Filler metal: % C = max. 0.04 %

DeLong diagram
DeLong diagram

Welding: With moderated energy input per unit of length
Post-weld treatment: Solution heat treatment, where necessary
Remarks: Keep away from oil and grease, clean painstakingly after welding, use stainless steel brushes

Martensitic chrome steels

Weldability: limited
Preheating: 250°C to 450°C (in function of composition)
Postweld treatment: Slow cooling to 120°C (martensitic transformation) and annealing at 750°C or hardening (generally 1000°C/oil) and tempering (generally 750°C).
Watch for formation of chromium carbide between 500°C and 650°C!

Safety: Arc welding

see chapter safety

For further information, on-site training, technical advise or project management, please do not hesitate to contact us.

Last update: September 7, 2015

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